Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
The gross anatomy of the kidney reveals a complex, bean-shaped organ, approximately 11-14 cm in length, located retroperitoneally on either side of the vertebral column. Each kidney is encased in a tough fibrous capsule and surrounded by protective perirenal fat. Internally, it consists of two main regions: the outer cortex, containing glomeruli and convoluted tubules, and the inner medulla, composed of renal pyramids that drain into the minor and major calyces. These structures unite at the renal pelvis, which funnels urine into the ureter. The hilum, a medial indentation, serves as the entry and exit point for the renal artery, vein, nerves, and ureter.
Key Features:
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External Structure:Â Bean-shaped, retroperitoneal, with a concave medial hilum.
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Internal Zones: Outer renal cortex and inner renal medulla with pyramids.
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Collecting System: Pyramids drain into minor calyces → major calyces → renal pelvis → ureter.
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Vasculature: Supplied by the renal artery (branch of aorta) and drained by the renal vein.
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Functional Unit: The nephron (located in cortex and medulla) is the microscopic unit of filtration.
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Supportive Layers: Protected by the fibrous capsule, perirenal fat, and renal fascia.
Understanding this macroscopic structure is foundational for clinical fields like urology, nephrology, and radiology. Medic instrument provides the precise tools needed for surgical interventions based on this vital anatomical knowledge.
